The Past Comes Back to Haunt Us

Every writer comments indefinitely on his brief original text. --Dávila 

Is that what I'm doing? Looking back, I can see certain themes emerging as long ago as my doctoral dissertation, which was completed in 1988.

But for some reason, knowledge doesn't seem to accumulate in my head. While I'd like to remember what I've written about over these past 20 years of blogging, I don't. 

Which leads to the awkward question, is the cosmic bus getting anywhere? Have we made any progress, or are we just endlessly circumnavelgaziung the cosmic groundabout? Yes, we're stalking a miracle, but are we any closer to it? 

The Aphorist says that 

Religious thought does not go forward like scientific thought does but rather goes deeper.

Now, as indicated in the mysthead at the top of the page, the blog is ultimately about The religion the Almighty & me works out betwixt us. It is worked out afresh each morning via a vertical collaboration with O. I have no idea what will result from the collaboration, and I certainly don't know what O is, only that if I show up for the appointment, something will be worked out betwixt us.  

I suppose it's like journalism in that way, only in an inverse manner. In other words, journalism is done in the moment and for the moment, which is why nobody cares about yesterday's news. 

But these posts are spontaneous productions of that same moment, only from the other end, so to speak. One of my favorite aphorisms is that 

One must live for the moment and for eternity. Not for the disloyalty of time.

This moment is all we have, but it actually spans vertically from a kind of desiccated instant at the lower end to fulsome plenum at the top. Thus, 

Profundity is not in what is said, but in the level from which it is said.

Which is all by way of saying that I'd like to revisit some of our past moments on a weekly basis. We will take the arbitrary cutoff point of ten years ago, and select the best of what was written that week. 

In this case, ten years ago this week we were discussing an important book called Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism, which is described as "a grand narrative spanning 1,800 years of European history," in which the author "firmly rejects Western liberalism’s usual account of itself: its emergence in opposition to religion in the early modern era." 

Instead, he argues that "liberal thought is, in its underlying assumptions, the offspring of the Church." And of course he's talking about classical liberalism, not the illiberal leftism of our tyrannical progressives, which is the very negation of the liberal tradition. What follows is actually a synthesis of two posts. 

However, before getting to them. I would like to mention a post by Spencer Klavan that touches on our theme, to the effect that the left represents a reversal of the individualizing trend described by Siedentop, and instead plunges us back into the collective. 

That is to say, the progressive left pretends to speak for various "marginalized" groups, but in so doing, effaces what makes them unique under the rubric of victimhood: so-called "political empowerment" is gained at the cost of individual and cultural impoverishment:

political ascendancy is actually really bad for countercultures. It drains them of all the cool and panache they get from living life at an odd angle, turning them into drab and tedious pseudo-Sandanistas. Say what you will about gay people, but we used to have style. Now our flag looks like Thomas Kinkade had a seizure and splattered his color palette all over the wall. Subcultures are supposed to be edgy variations on everyday life....

For example, black music was so much better when blacks were more than just faceless victim-mascots of the progressive left. 

*** 

One theme that emerges from the book is that while it took centuries for the individual to be disentangled from the group, it has been the work of less than a century for the left to re-entangle us in the hivemind.

For both Siedentop and Berman, 1075 is a truly revolutionary, world-historical turning point, for that is when Pope Gregory insists on the independence of the church from secular authorities. 

As a consequence, the king, at least in theory, is demoted to a mere layperson instead of being the locus of both spiritual and temporal power. Indeed, he can't do that, because only Jesus can (and by extension, his ongoing embodiment and temporal prolongation in the Church).

As always, timelessness takes time: it was the work of centuries for the eventual emergence of "Gregory's vision of a social order founded on individual morality," instead of one based on "brute force and mere deference."

So, suddenly "relations of equality and reciprocity are now understood as antecedent to both positive and customary law." Thus, universal law is disentangled from the particularity of custom, and seen more abstractly. This constitutes a "reversal of assumptions," such that "instead of traditional social inequalities being deemed natural... an underlying moral equality was now deemed natural."

This Great Disentangling "freed the human mind, giving a far wider scope and a more critical edge to the role of analysis. It made possible what might be called the 'take off' of the Western mind" (emphasis mine), vaulting mother Europe "along a road which no human society had previously followed." Vertical liftoff!

Here we can see how the left's retarded project involves a Great Re-entangling: again, it took thousands of years for "individuals rather than established social categories or classes" to become "the focus of legal jurisdiction." But now, thanks to the left, the individual is subsumed into race, class, gender, sexual orientation, etc., and we're back to where we started: post-Christian necessarily reverts to the pre-Christian.

"The papal claim of sovereignty" furthered the transition to the "meta-role" of the individual "shared equally by all persons." Seen this way, the self is the essence, while social roles become mere accidents instead of being in the nature of things....

Likewise, a new distinction is seen between the moral and physical elements of crime. Because of the new interiority, the concept of "intent" or motive comes into play: "intentions had scarcely been distinguished from actions in 'barbarian' justice." "Degrees of guilt" are perceived, and punishment becomes distinct from mere retaliation.

Marriage changes too, as measures are adopted to ensure that it is "based on consent rather than coercion." Also politics: instead of authority flowing in one direction only, from the top down, "The authority of superiors thus became a delegated authority. Authority is again understood as flowing upwards."

If we stand back and look at the overall arc, we see that "under way was nothing less than a reconstruction of the self, along lines more consistent with Christian moral intuitions." This ushers in "a new transparency in social relations," for now we relate to another person, not just his role. Conversely, "in societies resting on the assumption of natural inequality," this interpersonal transparency is obscured.

Another major development is the distinction between free will and fate, choice and necessity. If human beings are personally accountable to God, then this emphasizes not only our moral freedom, but the need for political liberty, such that we are free to exercise moral choice. 

In other words, nothing less than eternity is at stake, so the freedom to do good becomes a matter of urgent necessity; for what is free will but "a certain ability by which man is able to discern between good and evil"?

Note that if people are fundamentally unequal, then we can make no universal generalizations about them: there is one law for the lower classes, another for the aristocracy.

With this new self, there is a kind of interiorizing of the logos: instead of the logos being only a sort of exterior reason that controls events, it is "understood as an attribute of individuals who are equally moral agents." 

Here again, in the post-Christian world we see a regression to determinism, for example, the idea that we are controlled by genes, or neurology, or class, or race.

We'll end with a quote by Siedentop:

[T]he defining characteristic of Christianity was its universalism. It aimed to create a single human society, a society composed, that is, of individuals rather than tribes, clans, or castes.... Hence the deep individualism of Christianity was simply the reverse side of its universalism. 

The Christian conception of God becomes the means of creating a brotherhood of man, of bringing to self-consciousness the human species, by leading each of its members to see him- or herself as having, at least potentially, a relationship with the deepest reality -- viz., God -- that both required and justified the equal moral standing of all humans.